2013년 10월 25일 금요일

Agustin Turley's blog ::Asbestos saga proves our feeble press watchdog has no bark and no bite






Agustin Turley's blog ::Asbestos saga proves our feeble press watchdog has no bark and no bite










Food               production               is               an               enormous,               but               necessary               task               for               any               society               to               carry               out.

Supplying               food               for               millions               can               prove               to               be               quite               a               difficult               process:               crops               are               routinely               threatened               by               a               number               of               issues,               ranging               from               drought               to               pests.

In               recent               years               however,               advances               in               technology               are               being               put               forward               as               a               solution               to               mitigate               many               of               these               problems.

One               such               technology               based               solution               has               been               the               widespread               implementation               of               the               genetically               modified               organism.

Genetically               modified               organisms               are               organisms               whose               genetic               material               has               been               engineered               for               a               number               of               reasons,               ranging               from               a               natural               presence               of               pesticides,               to               technology               which               destroys               the               seeds               after               being               used               only               once.

Although               genetically               modified               organisms               have               flourished               throughout               the               United               States,               their               success               in               other               countries               has               been               far               more               difficult.

While               American               regulative               bodies               such               as               the               Food               and               Drug               Administration               have               declared               their               support               for               GMOs,               many               GMOs               have               been               banned               in               Europe               on               the               grounds               of               safety               concerns.

Both               sides               of               the               argument               claim               to               have               their               stance               rooted               in               firm               scientific               evidence,               but               have               reached               dramatically               different               conclusions.

Why               is               there               such               a               large               difference               in               public               policy               involving               GMOs               between               the               US               and               Europe?

To               what               extent               are               these               differences               driven               by               economic               interests               versus               health               concerns?
               The               stark               contrast               in               the               treatment               of               genetically               modified               organisms               between               the               United               States               and               Europe               has               resulted               in               a               heated               debate.

The               charges               of               genetically               modified               organisms               being               a               danger               to               public               health               require               policy               makers               to               analyze               this               policy               carefully.

It's               important               to               study               the               basis               of               American               law               as               compared               to               other               areas               such               as               Europe,               because               it               can               help               policy               makers               shape               a               more               effective               policy               for               the               future.

Based               on               thorough               research,               I               believe               that               public               policy               in               the               United               States               regarding               genetically               modified               organisms               is               based               more               so               on               economic               and               corporate               interests,               extensive               lobbying,               and               the               cozy               relationship               which               results               between               biotech               firms               and               US               politicians.

A               Questionable               Record
               The               Food               and               Drug               Administration               serves               as               the               American               consumer's               first               line               of               defense               against               questionable               food               products.

Despite               the               FDA's               claim               on               their               website               that               they               insure               the               "safety               of               all               food               products               (except               meat               and               poultry)",               their               stance               on               genetically               modified               organisms               is               quite               odd.

The               FDA's               policy               concerning               GMOs               was               passed               in               1992,               and               it               requires               no               special               labeling               for               foods               using               biotechnology               on               the               basis               that               as               a               group,               GMOs               present               no               special               safety               concerns               different               from               the               same               foods               developed               from               traditional               methods               (FDA).
               While               the               Food               and               Drug               Administration               doesn't               seem               to               find               much               of               an               issue               with               the               safety               of               genetically               modified               organisms,               a               number               of               independent               studies               have               raised               a               number               of               concerns               in               this               regard.

The               Institute               for               Responsible               Technology               has               expressed               numerous               concerns               with               genetically               modified               organisms,               including               their               safety               record               when               tested               on               lab               animals.

In               a               study               on               the               effects               of               GM               foods               on               reproduction,               more               than               half               of               the               babies               of               rats               fed               GM               soy               died,               a               much               higher               rate               than               the               group               fed               natural               soy               (Institute               for               Responsible               Technology;               pp.

1-2).

The               male               rats               who               were               fed               the               GM               soy               were               also               found               to               have               changed               testicles,               as               well               as               altered               sperm               cells.

The               same               study               tested               a               number               of               different               variables               regarding               GMOs               on               these               pregnant               rats.

It               was               found               that               when               the               rats               were               fed               GM               corn,               they               had               fewer               babies               that               weighed               less,               the               longer               they               were               fed               the               biotech               food.
               Despite               claims               that               the               Food               and               Drug               Administration's               decision               is               based               on               a               large               pool               of               evidence,               many               independent               studies               claim               otherwise.

An               independent               review               of               the               data               presented               to               the               FDA               finds               that               the               information               which               their               decision               was               based               on               was               insufficient.

Most               of               the               information               was               provided               by               the               corporations               being               reviewed,               and               that               the               release               of               information               was               not               compulsory.

As               a               result,               the               review               of               these               tests               was               largely               criticized               by               both               the               FDA               as               well               as               biotech               giant               Monsanto.

Although               Monsanto               passionately               disagreed               with               the               findings,               the               government               of               India               warmly               embraced               these               results.

GMOs               are               legal               in               India,               partially               due               to               the               many               IMF               programs               of               the               1980s,               but               the               federal               government               is               becoming               increasingly               suspicious               of               the               high               tech               foods               (de               Vendemois,               Cellier,               et               al;               pp               596-597).
               India's               suspicion               of               GMOs               is               based               largely               on               their               own               mixed               experience               with               them.

An               article               in               The               Hindu,               India's               national               newspaper,               reported               that               a               large               number               of               sheep               died               shortly               after               feeding               on               a               field               of               genetically               modified               cotton.

While               many               tried               to               attribute               the               causes               to               isolated               reasons,               it               was               discovered               that               sheep               died               in               four               separate               villages,               with               as               many               as               25%               of               those               who               ate               the               cotton               dying.

Autopsies               on               the               sheep               suggested               high               levels               of               foreign               toxins               in               their               bodies               (Prasad).

Despite               original               reports               that               attributed               the               deaths               to               the               ingestion               of               the               pesticides               used               on               the               cotton,               a               further               review               found               that               this               was               not               the               case.

Dr.

P.M.

Bhargava,               an               appointee               to               the               Genetic               Engineering               Approval               Committee,               conducted               an               internal               investigation               into               the               death               of               the               sheep               after               he               discovered               contradictory               paperwork               from               the               original               review               (Prasad).

Bhargava               found               that               no               actual               research               was               done               on               the               consequences               of               animals               using               the               GM               cotton               as               feed,               and               went               on               to               recommend               that               the               growing               of               GM               cotton               be               suspended               indefinitely               (Prasad).
               Animals               are               not               the               only               ones               in               India               who               have               felt               the               wrath               of               GMOs.

Once               praised               as               being               the               cure               for               India's               poverty,               genetically               modified               organisms               are               proving               to               be               a               nightmare               for               Indian               farmers.

Foreign               biotech               giants               sold               the               idea               of               GMOs               to               poverty               stricken               farmers               on               the               basis               that               the               high               tech               seeds               would               result               in               never               before               seen               crop               yields.

Buying               into               the               hype,               many               desperate               farmers               took               out               massive               loans               to               buy               the               seeds.

A               substantial               percentage               of               these               farmers               had               entire               crop               failures,               leading               to               no               possible               way               to               pay               off               the               massive               loans.

In               recent               years,               over               125,000               farmers               have               committed               suicide,               or               over               1,000               each               month               (Malone).

GMO               critics               have               labeled               the               crisis               the               "GM               Genocide",               and               an               entire               region               of               the               South               Asian               country               has               become               known               as               the               "suicide               belt"               because               of               this               (Malone).

The               UK's               prince               Charles               has               stepped               in,               labeling               the               issue               of               GMOs               a               "global               moral               question"               (Malone).

There               are               stories               of               husbands               committing               suicide               and               leaving               their               farms               to               their               wives,               only               to               have               their               wife               commit               suicide               as               well.

Despite               the               fact               that               almost               all               of               the               victims               of               this               wave               of               suicide               were               farmers               who               were               in               debt               because               of               GMOs,               pro               GM               groups               say               that               the               suicides               are               from               other               reasons               such               as               poverty               and               alcoholism.
               Hungarian               chemist               Arpad               Pustzai               agrees               with               the               assessment               that               there               is               a               strong               lack               of               information               on               biotechnology.

He               also               states               that               the               small               amount               of               information               present               is               of               poor               scientific               quality,               and               is               conducted               by               commercial               rather               than               independent               scientists.

He               adds               that               the               different               issues               which               have               risen               from               GMOs               should               have               eliminated               before               they               were               approved.

Pustzai               goes               on               to               reiterate               some               of               the               concerns               that               others               have               had.

Speaking               of               experiments               which               show               drastic               results               in               lab               animals,               such               as               internal               bleeding,               he               states               that               the               consequences               for               humans               could               be               disastrous               (Pustzai;               pg               1).
               As               the               debate               over               GMOs               rages               on,               the               Food               and               Drug               Administration               constantly               reasserts               its               position               that               there               are               no               safety               issues               from               biologically               engineered               crops.

Documents               released               because               of               a               lawsuit               by               the               Alliance               for               Bio-Integrity               show               that               there               was               heated               disagreement               among               FDA               scientists               at               the               time               of               the               1992               decision.

While               political               appointees               expressed               support               for               genetically               modified               organisms,               the               scientists               investigating               the               issue               were               deeply               concerned               over               a               number               of               safety               issues               resulting               from               GMOs.

The               scientists               pointed               out               that               there               may               be               a               wide               array               of               hard               to               detect               side               effects,               as               well               as               various               allergies               and               toxins               as               a               result               (Smith).

Despite               the               fact               that               a               large               percentage               of               the               scientists               involved               with               studying               GMOs               called               for               further               safety               studies               before               approving               their               use,               the               FDA               went               ahead               and               approved               them.
               Health               is               a               major               concern,               but               it's               not               the               only               area               in               which               many               scientists,               farmers,               and               consumers               question               GMOs.

A               large               body               of               evidence               finds               that               GMOs               may               be               devastating               to               the               environment               in               which               they're               grown.

Sandra               S.

Batie               investigated               many               of               the               questions               over               biotechnology               and               the               environment.

She               found               five               different               areas               that               GMOs               would               be               a               possible               problem,               consisting               of               gene               flow,               insect               resistance,               non               target               damage,               pesticide               use,               and               what               she               calls               the               paucity               of               knowledge               (Batie;               pp.

1107-1008).

Gene               flow               is               alarming,               because               of               the               possibility               of               some               of               the               foreign               genetic               matter               from               GMOs               leaping               to               native               non               GMO               plants.

It               can               last               several               generations               and               can               be               devastating               to               an               ecosystem.

Pesticide               use               is               troubling               for               several               reasons.

GMOs               that               are               resistant               to               herbicides               like               Roundup               lead               to               the               widespread               use               of               such               chemicals.

Using               herbicide               on               such               a               wide               scale               means               large               amounts               of               pesticides               on               crops               as               well               as               in               local               groundwater.

Non               target               damage               results               due               to               the               interference               n               the               natural               order               of               an               ecosystem.

As               pests               are               refused               their               normal               source               of               food,               the               food               chain               is               broken               down               in               unnatural               ways.
               Unfortunately,               these               are               not               the               only               recorded               environmental               effects               on               the               environment               due               to               GMOs.

Biologists               find               that               the               use               of               GMOs               has               a               drastic               effect               on               wild               bee               populations               and               their               practices               of               pollination.

Lora               Morandin               and               Mark               Winston               find               that               while               organic               crop               fields               had               large               amounts               of               honey               bees,               GM               crop               fields               had               what               they               referred               to               as               a               "pollination               deficit."               This               is               largely               due               to               the               enormous               amounts               of               herbicide               spread               among               these               crops.

An               artificial               decline               in               the               bee               population               can               send               ripples               though               out               the               ecosystem,               and               the               plants               and               organisms               which               live               there.

It               was               found               that               due               to               the               unattractiveness               of               feeding               on               the               crop               fields               due               to               the               abundance               of               herbicide,               honey               bees               instead               pollinated               hedgerows               and               various               weeds               instead               (Morandin               and               Winston;               879).
               Environmentalists               are               not               the               only               opponents               to               genetically               modified               organisms.

Despite               the               fact               that               the               majority               of               seeds               planted               in               the               United               States               are               the               result               of               biological               engineering,               like               biotech               giant               Monsanto               has               become               extremely               unpopular               among               many               parts               of               the               agricultural               community.

Although               these               companies               constantly               stress               that               their               products               are               bound               to               help               most               farmers,               these               companies               are               currently               in               the               process               of               taking               their               business               partners               to               court.

One               of               Monsanto's               more               controversial               practices               is               that               of               prohibiting               farmers               who               use               their               seeds               from               saving               any               over               for               the               next               season.

Saving               seeds               over               from               season               to               season               is               a               common               practice               among               farmers               around               the               world.

The               biotech               giant               specifically               forbids               its               farmers               from               doing               so               by               contract.

Since               1997,               the               St               Louis               corporation               has               filed               90               lawsuits               in               25               states               against               147               farmers               and               39               agriculture               companies               (Elias).

Most               of               Monsanto's               lawsuits               have               simply               resulted               in               farmers               being               forced               to               stop               saving               seeds,               but               there               are               exceptions               to               the               rule.

Tennessee               farmer               Ken               Ralph               was               found               guilty               of               saving               a               truckload               of               cotton               seeds               and               was               ordered               to               8               months               in               jail.

Despite               the               fact               that               Monsanto               makes               several               billions               of               dollars               in               profit               each               year,               the               court               ordered               Ralph               to               pay               $1.7               million               in               reparations               (Elias).
               Monsanto               has               taken               initiative               to               prevent               the               need               for               any               future               lawsuits               against               such               farmers.

Their               recent,               yet               controversial               "terminator"               technology               only               produces               plants               which               are               sterile.

A               crop               such               as               tomatoes,               for               example,               would               not               produce               seeds               capable               of               growing               future               tomato               plants               (Shand               and               Mooney).

While               Monsanto               itself               did               not               invent               the               technology,               they               do               indeed               own               the               patents.

Most               people               would               be               surprised               to               find               out               who               the               inventor               of               the               technology               is               no               other               than               the               USDA.

Invented               by               molecular               biologist               Melvin               Oliver,               the               USDA               stands               to               make               5%               in               royalties               off               of               all               sales               of               the               technology               (Shand               and               Mooney).

Experts               say               that               the               terminator               seed               technology               could               hit               the               American               South               extra               hard.

Up               to               1.4               million               poor               farmers               in               the               South               depend               on               the               tradition               of               saving/sharing               seeds               among               other               farmers.

This               method               has               a               wide               range               of               positive               effects.

Sharing               and               saving               seeds               enables               farmers               to               hand               select               the               best               strains               of               seed               for               future               use.

While               the               seeds               sold               to               farmers               by               Monsanto               are               often               foreign               to               the               area               that               they're               going               to               grow               in,               saved               and               shared               seeds               are               often               local               strains               that               are               better               adapted               to               that               specific               region               (Shand               and               Mooney).

This               news               is               especially               troubling               considering               that               the               technology               means               that               biotech               firms               will               most               likely               spread               their               area               of               influence               to               other               crops.

Wheat               and               rice,               the               two               most               fundamental               crops               for               roughly               three               fourths               of               the               world's               population,               is               expected               to               soon               be               "up               for               grabs".

Seed               companies               traditionally               avoided               these               crops               because               companies               had               little               way               of               controlling               their               reproduction.

This               terminator               technology               is               predicted               to               be               a               "foot               in               the               door"               for               large               corporations               to               control               the               most               important               crops               around               the               world               (Shand               and               Mooney).
               Practices               such               as               "terminator"               seed               technology               has               led               many,               including               other               biotech               firms               to               accuse               Monsanto               of               attempting               to               gain               a               monopoly               on               the               industry.

Rival               chemical               and               biotech               giant               Dupont               has               filed               a               complaint               against               Monsanto               which               alleges               that               their               practices               have               resulted               in               an               unfair               monopoly.

Dupont               points               out               that               Monsanto               controls               98%               of               all               American               soy               beans               and               79%               of               all               corn               (Gutierrez).

Not               only               does               Monsanto               control               the               majority               of               crops               themselves,               but               it               then               induces               farmers               into               becoming               almost               entirely               reliant               on               Monsanto's               other               products.

Dupont               criticizes               the               fact               that               many               of               Monsanto's               products               are               engineered               to               be               resistant               to               only               one               type               of               herbicide,               Roundup               (Gutierrez).

This               method               results               in               a               cyclical               process               which               only               reinforces               Monsanto's               position               as               the               dominant               company               in               the               industry.

As               a               result               of               many               of               these               complaints,               the               Departments               of               Justice               and               Agriculture               have               five               separate               hearings               planned               to               investigate               the               company's               practices               (Gutierrez).

Policy               in               the               United               States
               Despite               the               claims               of               the               Food               and               Drug               Administration               that               genetically               modified               foods               are               completely               safe               and               beneficial               to               farmers,               consumers,               and               the               environment,               the               studies               on               the               subject               prove               otherwise.

Although               the               United               States               government               has               made               strong               attempts               in               most               other               industries               to               prevent               the               formation               of               monopolies,               the               field               of               biological               engineering               of               crops               has               been               relatively               immune               to               this.

Given               that               there               are               still               so               many               question               marks               in               regard               to               GM               food               and               the               large               companies               which               produce               them,               the               United               States'               policy               in               this               area               seems               a               bit               odd.

While               they               claim               that               the               public's               safety               is               the               true               cause               of               the               government's               stance               on               GM               foods,               is               this               really               so?
               The               deregulation               agenda               of               the               1980s               set               the               stage               perfectly               for               the               introduction               of               genetically               engineered               foods               in               the               United               States.

While               many               pro               free               market               reformers               claim               that               consumers               would               decide               what               was               in               the               best               interest               of               the               country,               this               outlook               has               turned               out               to               be               very               flawed.

Unlike               in               other               countries               around               the               world,               foods               that               contain               GMOs               are               not               required               to               have               labels               stating               so               in               the               United               States.

Consumers               are               left               uninformed               as               to               what               they're               actually               purchasing,               and               can't               protest               products               that               they               disapprove               of               due               to               a               lack               of               the               relevant               information.

This               lack               of               labeling               is               extremely               different               from               the               approach               of               countries               like               Brazil,               Argentina,               Israel,               and               many               in               Europe.

GMOs               are               legal               in               these               countries               to               different               extents,               but               the               consumer               is               notified               of               the               ingredients               of               his               or               her               purchase               because               of               federally               mandated               labels.

Despite               the               federal               rules               stating               that               the               labeling               of               these               foods               is               unnecessary,               US               consumers               are               shown               to               be               supportive               of               mandatory               labeling               of               GM               foods.

Both               Harris               and               Pew               polls               show               that               as               many               as               84%               of               American               respondents               in               1999               and               86%               in               2000               support               the               idea               of               labeling               GM               foods               (Shanahan,               Scheufele,               and               Lee;               272).
               The               Food               and               Drug               Administration               states               that               mandatory               food               labels               are               unnecessary               because               of               the               "proven"               safety               record               of               genetically               modified               organisms.

There               could               be               some               other               possible               reasons               for               this               though.

In               the               notorious               documentary               "The               World               According               to               Monsanto",               president               George               HW               Bush               was               filmed               touring               one               of               Monsanto's               many               facilities               with               corporate               staff.

When               one               of               the               corporate               heads               expresses               frustration               at               the               difficulties               that               the               biotech               firm               was               having               with               federal               legislation,               Bush               offers               up               some               support.

"Call               me.

We're               in               the               de-reg               business.

Maybe               we               can               help,"               says               the               41st               president               (Smith).

This               scene               took               place               during               the               1980s               when               Bush               was               Ronald               Reagan's               vice               president.
               President               George               HW               Bush               held               true               to               his               pledge               to               Monsanto,               as               the               monumental               decision               on               genetically               modified               foods               was               passed               in               1992               during               his               presidency.

This               wasn't               the               only               help               that               he               provided               for               Monsanto,               however.

Bush               nominated               Clarence               Thomas,               a               former               Monsanto               attorney,               to               the               Supreme               Court               in               1991.

Thomas               was               confirmed               and               has               been               on               the               court               ever               since.

His               Supreme               Court               career               has               not               been               without               controversy,               however.

In               2010,               Thomas               heard               the               case               of               Monsanto               v.

Geerston               Seed               Farms,               which               overturned               a               lower               court's               ruling               that               banned               the               planting               of               genetically               engineered               alfalfa               (Stohr).

While               Supreme               Court               Justice               Stephen               Breyer               felt               it               would               be               a               conflict               of               interest               for               him               to               hear               the               case,               being               that               his               brother               Charles               was               the               judge               who               made               the               previous               ruling,               Thomas               saw               no               issue               (Stohr).

Even               though               Clarence               Thomas               had               worked               personally               with               Monsanto,               he               heard               the               case               and               voted               in               favor               of               the               biotech               firm.
               The               controversial               sweetener               aspartame,               produced               by               Searle               (the               pharmaceutical               branch               of               Monsanto),               was               originally               banned               for               use               by               the               Food               and               Drug               Administration.

Following               many               reports               of               aspartame               poisoning,               the               FDA               felt               it               was               best               that               aspartame               be               sidelined               until               further               research.

Former               Secretary               of               Defense               Donald               Rumsfeld               played               an               instrumental               role               in               the               legalization               of               this               shaky               product.

As               the               former               head               of               Searle               during               the               period               of               time               in               which               aspartame               was               banned,               it               is               suspected               that               Rumsfeld               called               into               use               political               favors               in               an               attempt               to               have               the               controversial               sweetener               legalized               (Page).

While               many               scientific               journals               have               published               studies               which               have               supported               the               use               of               chemicals               such               as               aspartame,               Rumsfeld's               employment               in               high               levels               of               the               United               States               government               is               simply               further               proof               that               all               too               cozy               of               a               relationship               exists               between               the               United               States               government               and               former/current               biotech               executives.
               President               Bush               Sr.

wasn't               the               only               president               to               openly               support               Monsanto.

Although               he               campaigned               as               a               progressive               in               2008,               President               Obama               has               appointed               several               people               with               ties               to               Monsanto               to               key               positions               within               the               federal               government.

Michael               Taylor,               a               former               lobbyist               for               Monsanto,               was               appointed               to               the               position               of               deputy               commissioner               of               foods               at               the               Food               and               Drug               Administration               (Harris).

The               position               is               new,               and               is               meant               to               consolidate               the               overseeing               of               13               separate               programs               and               departments.

The               intention               of               this               position               is               to               improve               food               safety               in               the               United               States               among               a               recent               streak               of               high               level               food               recalls               (Harris).

Taylor               is               set               to               become               one               of               the               most               powerful               men               involved               with               the               production               of               food               in               the               United               States.

Taylor's               appointment               as               the               head               of               food               safety               is               ironic,               considering               his               close               ties               to               one               of               the               most               questionable               corporations               in               the               world               in               regard               to               food               safety.

Many               people               have               protested               the               appointment               of               Taylor               on               terms               that               it               would               be               a               conflict               of               interest               (Harris).
               Obama's               ties               with               Monsanto               don't               end               there.

His               next               appointment,               former               Iowa               governor               Tom               Vilsack,               is               one               of               the               leading               supporters               of               Monsanto               and               biotech               engineering               in               the               country.

Vilsack               notoriously               supported               one               of               the               most               controversial               forms               of               genetically               engineered               foods               known               as               "pharma-crops",               which               are               plants               designed               to               produce               pharmaceuticals               (Organic               Consumers).

This               process               has               been               known               to               contaminate               the               land               that               it               takes               place               on,               and               there               have               been               several               high               level               court               decisions               requiring               biotech               firms               to               clean               up               areas               that               they               have               polluted               (Organic               Consumers               Association).

Prodigene               is               perhaps               the               most               famous               of               these               firms,               which               was               once               ordered               to               compensation               after               farmers               had               to               burn               155               acres               of               non               GM               corn               which               was               contaminated               by               their               product.

Prodigene               eventually               went               out               of               business,               but               not               before               they               had               received               a               $6               million               investment               from               the               Governor's               Biotechnology               Partnership,               which               was               chaired               by               Tom               Vilsack               himself.
               Obama               also               appointed               Roger               Beachy,               former               director               of               the               Monsanto               funded               Danforth               Plant               Science               Center,               as               the               head               of               the               USDA               National               Institute               of               Food               and               Agriculture               (Cummins).

Not               only               did               Beachy               head               the               Danforth               Plant               Science               Center,               but               he's               actually               credited               with               discovering               a               form               of               biotech               engineering               himself.

Beachy               found               a               way               to               engineer               the               cassava               plant               to               resist               things               like               mosaic               virus,               which               stunts               the               plant's               growth               as               well               as               destroying               its               leaves               (St.

Louis               Post)               This               position               is               new,               and               is               rare,               because               it               is               one               of               the               few               that               does               not               require               Congressional               approval               (Organic               Consumers).

Beachy's               future               position               would               place               him               in               charge               of               the               US               government's               research               into               food               safety,               a               controversial               position               and               possible               conflict               of               interest.

Policy               in               Europe
               While               the               United               States               claims               to               have               its               laws               and               practices               of               genetically               modified               organisms               rooted               in               strong               scientific               evidence,               the               countries               of               Europe               passionately               disagree.

As               the               United               States               has               become               a               free               market               of               sorts               for               the               proliferation               of               GMOs,               Europeans               have               been               doing               everything               in               their               power               to               prevent               the               controversial               seeds               and               food               products               from               finding               their               way               to               the               continent.

These               attempts               have               taken               root               in               the               form               of               popular               opinion,               government               policy,               and               consumer               decision               making               in               the               supermarket.
               The               differences               in               the               regulation               of               food               between               the               United               States               are               numerous.

The               regulation               of               food               in               the               United               States               is               done               mostly               by               the               Food               and               Drug               Administration               as               well               as               the               USDA.

Europe               takes               a               different               approach,               however.

Formal               food               policy               in               the               European               Union               is               dictated               by               the               European               Food               Safety               Authority.

The               EFSA               is               subdivided               further,               with               a               specific               group               called               the               GMO               Panel.

This               difference               alone               is               worth               noting,               as               the               United               States               makes               no               difference               whatsoever               between               GM               and               non               GM               food.

Just               as               the               US               system               is               defined               by               a               total               lack               of               regulation,               the               EU's               system               is               the               complete               opposite.

Food               producers               regularly               complain               of               a               complicated               network               of               burdensome               regulations.

Approval               of               GM               foods               often               takes               over               two               years               (Davison;               95).

Many               say               that               the               American               system               is               geared               towards               bending               over               backwards               for               biotech               giants               like               Monsanto               and               Dupont,               but               the               European               system               is               far               more               democratic.

Environmental               groups               like               Greenpeace               and               Friends               of               the               Earth               are               regularly               consulted               when               making               decisions               regarding               genetically               modified               organisms               (Davison;               95).
               The               structure               of               the               food               approval               process               in               Europe               is               different               than               that               of               the               United               States               for               many               reasons.

Many               experts               feel               that               Europe's               different               outlook               on               GMOs               is               based               on               a               series               of               unfortunate               events               regarding               their               food               supply.

This               has               led               to               people               becoming               more               suspicious               in               general               of               the               various               ingredients               that               they               ingest.

Throughout               the               1990s,               Europeans               had               to               deal               with               a               long               streak               of               food               scares,               including               rumors               of               food               contamination               due               to               mad               cow               disease,               Creutzfeldt-Jakob               disease,               food               contaminated               with               asbestos,               the               discovery               of               dioxin               in               animal               feed,               as               well               as               several               high               level               cases               of               HIV               contamination               (Bonny;               53).

The               United               States               has               been               very               fortunate               in               this               sense,               and               has               helped               play               down               the               need               for               strong               regulation               concerning               the               food               supply.

The               United               States               has               had               several               scares               associated               with               things               like               salmonella               contamination,               but               the               contamination               was               fairly               isolated.

Due               to               this               isolation,               the               recall               process               of               contaminated               food               was               fairly               efficient               and               effective.
               This               history               of               food               scares               has               translated               into               a               number               of               important               regulations               for               Europeans               opposed               to               genetically               modified               organisms.

The               labeling               of               foods               that               contain               GMOs               is               by               far               the               most               important.

While               the               United               States               has               no               laws               forcing               manufacturers               to               place               labels               on               GMOs,               Europe               has               the               strictest               food               labeling               laws               in               the               world.

Any               food               which               contains               higher               than               0.9%               GMOs               must               have               a               label               stating               so               (Davison).

The               result               of               this               mandatory               labeling               campaign               is               that               Europeans               tend               to               be               more               educated               of               the               ingredients               of               what               they're               consumer,               while               many               Americans               simply               don't               even               realize               that               they're               eating               the               genetically               modified               products.
               Another               explanation               for               the               difference               in               genetically               modified               foods'               laws               is               that               the               differences               lie               within               the               different               countries'               political               systems.

Research               finds               that               the               practice               of               lobbying               is               vastly               different               between               the               United               States               and               Europe.

Lobbying               does               indeed               exist               in               Europe,               but               nowhere               near               the               extent               that               it               occurs               in               the               United               States.

A               review               of               these               practices               finds               that               since               many               of               the               policy               makers               in               the               EU               are               not               elected,               they               don't               need               to               raise               enormous               amounts               of               money               from               special               interest               groups               just               to               keep               their               jobs               (Mahoney).

Despite               the               fact               that               these               policy               makers               are               not               elected,               the               resulting               policies               are               often               more               representative               of               the               population               as               a               whole.

This               review               found               that               European               Union               policy               was               more               balanced,               with               more               compromise               occurring               between               the               various               groups.

The               review               characterized               American               policy               instead               as               "winner               takes               all",               with               large               corporations               winning               out               more               often               than               other               groups               (Mahoney).

It               was               found               that               citizens'               groups               failed               in               almost               60%               of               the               policies               they               supported,               but               large               corporations               succeeded               in               89%               in               policies               that               they               found               favorable               (Mahoney).
               Romanian               lobbying               critic               Liliana               Mihut               agrees               with               the               argument               that               there               are               strong               differences               in               lobbying               practices               between               the               United               States               and               the               European               Union               for               several               reasons.

Mihut               points               out               that               the               lobbying               tradition               in               the               United               States               is               far               more               developed               than               in               the               European               Union,               with               lobbying               originating               in               the               US               in               the               1830s,               compared               to               the               mid-1980s               in               Europe               (Mihut;               pg               9).

Lobbyists               have               traditionally               had               a               much               more               difficult               time               spreading               influence               in               Europe               as               opposed               to               the               US.

The               different               cultures               of               Europe               have               led               to               contrasting               interests               among               the               nations               of               the               EU.

Nations               like               France               and               Germany               may               not               necessarily               share               interests,               and               this               often               leads               to               lobbyists               being               less               influential               among               important               European               Union               decisions.

Perhaps               most               importantly,               the               European               Union               lacks               the               presence               of               Political               Action               Committees,               also               known               as               PACs,               which               are               an               important               and               influential               aspect               of               American               politics               (Mihut;               pg               10).
               Lobbying               practices               are               only               one               area               in               which               the               United               States               and               Europe               area               different.

Patent               laws               in               Europe               are               extremely               different               from               those               in               the               United               States.

European               patents               are               far               easier               to               challenge               than               those               in               the               United               States               (Harhoff,               Regibeau,               et               al;               291).

In               the               European               Parliament,               anyone               is               allowed               to               challenge               a               patent               within               nine               months               from               when               it               was               originally               passed               (Harhoff,               Regibeau,               et               al;               291).

This               results               in               broad               based               coalitions               to               oppose               a               certain               patent.

In               the               United               States,               patents               can               only               be               disputed               in               civil               courts,               where               large               corporations               like               Monsanto               and               Dupont               can               easily               defend               themselves               with               a               high               priced               team               of               attorneys               that               the               average               farmer               or               consumer               could               never               reasonably               defeat.

European               citizens               and               governmental               groups               have               taken               advantage               of               this               process,               as               a               full               25%               of               all               GM               food               patents               were               challenged,               which               is               an               astound               rate.

The               next               highest               level               of               opposition               to               any               industry               was               that               of               the               pharmaceutical               industry,               with               only               8.6%               of               patents               being               challenged               (Harhoff,               Regibeau,               et               al;               291).

The               result               of               this               intense               opposition               to               the               patenting               of               life               in               Europe               is               that               the               actual               genes               of               plants               cannot               be               patented.

The               few               patents               that               are               given               out               in               regard               to               genetically               modified               plants               took               on               average               20%               longer               to               be               approved               than               their               American               counter               parts               (Harhoff,               Regibeau,               et               al;               291).
               Social               scientist               Rachel               Shurman               attributes               the               differences               in               laws               to               the               history               of               the               United               States               in               the               1980s.

Shurman               describes               the               decade               as               one               in               which               Keynesian               welfare               state               policies               were               under               attack.

The               country               underwent               a               drastic               period               of               economic               liberalization               and               deregulation               (Shurman;               247).

Although               the               UK               followed               along               with               many               of               these               policies,               the               majority               of               Europe               did               not.

As               GMOs               began               to               make               their               way               into               Europe               in               the               early               1990s,               a               strong               wave               of               protests               drew               a               large               amount               of               attention               to               the               new               biologically               engineered               foods.

Polls               showed               that               most               Europeans               strongly               opposed               the               genetically               modified               foods.

In               an               attempt               to               make               a               compromise,               the               head               of               Monsanto's               European               division               arranged               a               deal               with               Monsanto               CEO               Robert               Shapiro               in               which               they               would               voluntarily               label               their               first               product               (GM               tomato               paste)               with               a               label               that               told               the               consumer               of               the               presence               of               GMOs.

Although               Monsanto               agreed,               they               eventually               ignored               the               requests               for               labels.

This               was               perceived               by               many               in               Europe               as               a               sort               of               American               "food               imperialism"               which               triggered               an               extremely               emotional               response               among               many               European               citizens               (Shurman;               261).

These               feelings               came               to               a               peak               in               1998               when               the               United               States               was               viewed               as               declaring               a               trade               war               over               Europe's               refusal               of               American               hormone               treated               beef               exports               (Shurman;               261).

Shurman               states               that               from               the               public's               perspective,               European's               perceived               this               as               an               attempt               by               the               United               States               to               dictate               what               and               how               Europeans               would               eat               (Shurman;               262).
               Concern               for               the               environment               may               be               another               reason               for               the               controversy               of               GMOs               in               Europe.

Although               the               United               States               has               had               a               long               conservationist               history,               care               for               the               environment               among               Europeans               is               far               more               institutionalized               and               widespread.

The               constitutions               of               France,               Germany,               and               several               other               European               nations               spell               out               their               support               for               the               environment               explicitly.

The               United               States               Constitution               grants               its               citizens               negative               rights,               but               makes               no               mention               of               the               environment               whatsoever.

The               deliberate               mention               of               caring               for               the               environment               in               these               national               constitutions               makes               it               more               likely               that               the               average               citizen               is               more               conscious               of               degradation               of               national               resources,               the               quality               of               clean               air               and               soil,               and               other               important               characteristics               of               a               healthy               and               properly               functioning               environment.
               The               reduced               role               of               both               lobbying               and               the               patenting               of               life               in               Europe               are               two               key               reasons               as               to               the               difference               between               American               and               European               Law               regarding               genetically               modified               organisms.

Because               lobbying               is               less               relevant               in               Europe,               the               friendly               relationship               that               often               characterizes               the               United               States               government               and               the               biotech               industry               simply               does               not               exist               in               the               EU.

Large               corporations               located               in               the               United               States               often               have               tremendous               "pull"               within               the               government,               but               the               simple               fact               that               these               corporations               are               not               located               in               Europe,               do               not               pay               taxes,               cannot               transition               back               and               forth               between               the               private               sector               and               government,               and               cannot               contribute               to               the               campaigns               of               European               politicians               in               the               same               way               that               they               can               to               Americans               reduces               the               influence               that               many               biotech               firms               have               in               European               government.

The               nature               of               the               European               Union               and               the               various               issues               of               sovereignty               that               accompany               it               also               mitigate               the               importance               and               influence               that               large               biotech               corporations               have               due               to               the               fact               that               each               nation               is               less               likely               to               accept               legislation               which               it               perceives               to               be               an               intrusion               on               its               national               sovereignty.
               Solutions
               The               United               States'               policy               on               genetically               modified               foods               is               based               largely               on               the               interests               of               large               corporations,               rather               than               the               safety               of               American               consumers.

Given               the               drastic               consequences               facing               consumers,               farmers,               and               the               environment               in               which               these               questionable               crops               are               grown,               it               is               in               the               United               States'               best               interest               to               reform               its               policies               towards               genetically               modified               organisms.

The               few               benefits               of               GMOs               mostly               go               to               a               small               percentage               of               the               corporate               elites,               while               the               rest               of               the               country               suffers               immensely.

There               are               a               few               key               areas               which               the               United               States               government               must               make               reforms               in               order               to               solve               this               problem.
               Opponents               of               genetically               modified               organisms               could               tackle               this               issue               on               several               grounds.

The               passing               of               the               new               healthcare               bill               may               make               it               easier               to               address               the               issue               of               GMOs.

Given               the               questionable               safety               record               of               genetically               modified               organisms,               it               would               be               much               easier               to               implement               or               change               laws               that               would               restrict               and               regulate               the               use               of               GMOs.

The               new               federal               healthcare               laws               require               food               labels               for               a               variety               of               different               places               of               business               such               as               restaurants.

These               labels               require               restaurants               to               provide               facts               concerning               the               fat               and               calories               that               exist               in               any               given               meal.

Whether               or               not               a               food               contains               genetically               modified               organisms               could               be               an               additional               fact               presented               to               the               consumer               in               these               labels.

Taxpayer               funded               healthcare               would               be               best               served               by               the               implementing               of               any               label               system.

It               would               be               in               the               best               bet               of               the               government               to               have               as               cheap               of               healthcare               costs               as               possible.

There's               good               reason               to               believe               that               many               of               the               different               health               problems               in               this               country,               such               as               increased               rates               of               cancer,               could               be               fueled               by               the               enormous               quantities               of               "Frankenfoods"               that               the               average               American               eats.
               Another               possible               approach               is               to               follow               that               of               the               tobacco               industry.

The               fight               against               cigarette               companies               was               also               a               troublesome               and               difficult               battle               that               bares               many               parallels               to               the               issue               of               genetically               modified               foods.

Cigarettes               were               rumored               to               have               many               health               issues,               but               a               lack               of               firm               scientific               data               prevented               much               from               changing.

Lawsuits               against               the               tobacco               industry               brought               about               a               massive               wave               of               change,               resulting               in               several               key               pieces               of               legislation.

The               Cigarette               Labeling               and               Advertising               Act               consists               of               several               key               provisions               that               could               be               applied               to               the               concerns               surrounding               genetically               modified               organisms.

Sub               section               1333               of               the               act               sets               out               the               requirements               for               the               labeling               of               cigarettes.

This               section               makes               it               clear               that               cigarettes               are               to               be               labeled               with               some               of               the               possible               dangers               associated               with               them,               such               as               increased               risk               of               cancer,               heart               disease               etc.

A               system               of               labels               like               this               could               point               out               the               large               numbers               of               negative               side               effects               of               genetically               modified               organisms               on               lab               animals.

Sub               section               1341               of               the               Cigarette               Labeling               and               Advertising               Act               requires               that               the               Secretary               of               the               Department               of               Health               and               Human               Services               conduct               research               on               the               effect               of               cigarettes               on               consumers.

The               issue               of               genetically               modified               foods               is               almost               defined               by               a               complete               lack               of               official               research               by               government               bodies.

This               subsection               has               led               to               an               enormous               amount               of               research               in               regard               to               the               effects               of               tobacco               on               humans               (Cornell).
               Government               action               is               not               the               only               way               that               the               issue               of               genetically               modified               organisms               can               be               addressed.

Due               to               grassroots               support,               stores               like               Whole               Foods               have               become               a               successful               alternative               to               the               highly               processed               food               in               mainstream               supermarkets.

Despite               the               fact               that               supermarkets               like               Whole               Foods               are               on               average               more               expensive               than               traditional               supermarkets,               many               Americans               have               embraced               the               rapidly               growing               chain.

If               Americans               as               a               whole               decide               to               support               businesses               who               embrace               the               idea               of               organic               food,               a               message               will               be               sent               to               other               businesses               in               the               form               of               economic               warfare.

No               laws               currently               exist               forcing               companies               to               label               the               presence               of               genetically               modified               foods.

Stores               like               Whole               Foods               however,               proudly               label               their               GMO               free               foods               with               a               voluntary               label               system.

Measures               such               as               the               voluntary               labeling               of               GMO               free               foods               could               force               an               industry               standard               as               alternative               supermarkets               like               these               become               more               and               more               popular.
               While               these               are               only               a               few               suggestions,               it's               clear               that               something               must               soon               be               done.

A               wide               range               of               independent               scientific               research               should               at               the               very               least               be               alerting               government               authorities               to               the               concerns               surrounding               GMOs.

As               Americans               become               more               aware               and               informed               of               the               measures               taken               by               various               governments               around               the               world,               the               current               status               quo               which               serves               the               interest               of               the               corporate               elite               will               not               be               able               to               sustain               itself               for               much               longer.
               Works               Cited
               A               failure               of               hope               :[Third               Edition].

(2006,               December               13).

St.

Louis               Post               -               Dispatch,p.

C.12.

Retrieved               December               10,               2010,               from               ProQuest               Newsstand.

(Document               ID:               1179481841).
               Batie,               Sandra               S.

"The               Environmental               Impacts               of               Genetically               Modified               Plants:               Challenges               to               Decision               Making",               American               Journal               of               Agricultural               Economic               Vol               85               No               5               (Dec               2003)               pp.

1107-1111.
               Bonny,               Sylvie.

"Why               Are               Most               Europeans               Opposed               to               GMOs?

Factors               Explaining               Rejection               in               France               and               Europe",               Electronic               Journal               of               Biotechnology               Vol               6               No               1               (15               April               2003),               pp.

50-71.
               Branch,               Karen.

"ASHCROFT               FACES               STRICT               SCRUTINY               OF               EX-DONORS               ;               MANY               SUITS               NEVER               INVOLVE               TOP               LEVELS,               OFFICIAL               SAYS               :[FIVE               STAR               LIFT               Edition].

"               St.

Louis               Post               -               Dispatch               31               Mar.

2002,               ProQuest               Newsstand,               ProQuest.

Web.

8               Dec.

2010.
               Cummins,               Ronnie.

"The               Unholy               Alliance:               Monsanto,               Dupont,               and               Obama",               The               Huffington               Post               11               July               2010               Web               Retrieved               10               Dec               2010.
               Davison,               John.

"GM               Plants:               Science,               Politics,               and               EC               Regulations",               Plant               Science               Vol               178               (2010),               pp.

94-98.
               De               Vendemois,               Joel               Spiroux;               Cellier,               Dominique;               Velot,               Christian;               Clair,               Emilie;               Mesnage,               Robin;               and               Seralini,               Gilles-Eric.

"Debate               on               GMO               Health               Risks               After               Statistical               Findings               in               Regulatory               Tests",               International               Journal               of               Biological               Sciences               Vol               6               No               6               (2010)               pp.

590-598.
               Elias,               Paul.

"Enforcing               Single               Season               Seeds,               Monsanto               Sues               Farmers",               USA               Today               13               Jan               2005               Web               Retrieved               10               Dec               2010.
               Gutierrez,               David.

"Dupont               Complains               That               Monsanto               is               Running               a               Seed               Market               Monopoly",               New               Republic               24               May               2010               Web               Retrieved               10               Dec               2010.
               Harhoff,               Dietmar;               Regibeau,               Pierre;               Rockett,               Katherine;               Schnitzer,               Monika;               and               Jullien,               Bruno.

"Some               Simple               Economics               of               GM               Food",               Economic               Policy               Vol               16               No               33               (Oct               2001),               pp.

263-299
               Harris,               Gardiner.

"New               Official               Named               With               Portfolio               to               Unite               Agencies               and               Improve               Food               Safety",               New               York               Times               13               Jan               2010               Web               Retrieved               6               Dec               2010
               Mahoney,               Christine.

"Why               Lobbying               in               America               Is               Different",               European               Voice               6               April               2009               Web               Retrieved               10               Dec               2010.
               Malone,               Andrew.

"The               GM               Genocide:               Thousands               of               Indian               Farmers               are               Committing               Suicide               After               Using               Genetically               Modified               Crops",               Daily               Mail               3               Nov               2008               Web               Retrieved               6               Dec               2010
               Mihut,               Liliana.

"Lobbying               in               the               United               States               and               the               European               Union:               New               Developments               in               Lobbying               Regulation",               Romanian               Journal               of               European               Affairs               Vol               8               No               4               (2008);               pp.

5-17.
               Morandin,               Lora               A;               Winston,               Mark               L.,               "Wild               Bee               Abundance               and               Seed               Production               in               Conventional,               Organic,               and               Genetically               Modified               Canola",               Ecological               Applications               Vol               15               No               3               (Jun               2005);               pp.

871-881.
               Page,               Shelley.

"Rumsfeld,               aspartame               and               a               swirl               of               controversy:               :[Final               Edition].

"               The               Ottawa               Citizen               19               Feb.

2006,               ProQuest               Newsstand,               ProQuest.

Web.

10               Dec.

2010.
               Prasad,               R.

"Sheep               Death:               The               Truth               Revealed",               The               Hindu               26               June               2008               Web               Retrieved               6               Dec               2010
               Pustzai,               Arpad.

"Genetically               Modified               Foods:               Are               They               a               Risk               to               Human/Animal               Health?"               American               Institute               of               Biological               Services               June               2001               Web               Retrieved               10               Dec               2010.
               Shanahan,               James;               Scheufele,               Dietrem;               and               Lee,               Eunjeung.

"Trends:               Attitudes               About               Biotechnology               and               Genetically               Modified               Organisms",               The               Public               Opinion               Quarterly               Vol               65               No               2               (Summer               2001)               pp.

267-281.
               Shand,               Hope;               Mooney,               Pat.

"Terminator               Seeds               Threaten               an               End               to               Farming",               Earth               Island               Journal               22               Sept               1998               Web               Retrieved               10               Dec               2010.
               Smith,               Jeffrey.

"The               World               According               to               Monsanto",               Organic               Consumers               Association               Sept               2008               Web               Retrieved               6               Dec               2010
               Smith,               Jeffrey.

"Spilling               the               Beans:               Unintended               GMO               Health               Risks",               Organic               Consumers               Association               March               2008               Web               5               Dec               2010
               Stohr,               Greg.

"Monsanto               Wins               as               Court               Backs               Alfalfa               Seed               Planting               (Upate               2)"               Bloomberg               Business               Week               21               June               2010               Web               Retrieved               6               Dec               2010"Conspiracy               theory               this               is               not               :[2               Edition].

"               Dominion               Post               29               Jun               2007,               ProQuest               Newsstand,               ProQuest.

Web.

10               Dec.

2010.
               "Chapter               36-Cigarette               Labeling               and               Advertising",               Cornell               University               Law               School               1               Feb               2010               Web               Retrieved               10               Dec               2010.
               "Guidance               For               Industry:               Voluntary               Labeling               Indicating               Whether               Foods               Have               or               Have               Not               Been               Developed               Using               Bioengineering;               Draft               Guidance",               US               Food               and               Drug               Administration,               Jan               2001               Web               Retrieved               7               Dec               2010.
               "Healthy               Eating               Starts               with               No               GMOs!"               Institute               for               Responsible               Technology               Web               Retrieved               7               Dec               2010               "Key               FDA               Documents               Revealing               Hazards               of               GMOs",               Alliance               For               Bio-Integrity,               Web               6               Dec               2010
               "USDA               Watch:               Keep               Dupont's               Lawyer               Out               of               USDA",               Organic               Consumers               Association               April               2010               Web               Retrieved               10               Dec               2010.




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